Veruzhinji Vavariro Kutenga Magetsi Mota muPakistan.
Mota dzemagetsi (EVs) dzine mukana wekutungamira shanduko mukufambisa kwemugwagwa kubva kutsika petroleum kufamba kuenda kumagetsi ekufamba. Kunyangwe akawanda mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza, mwero wekupinda mumusika weEVs uchiri wakadzikira munyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Pakistan yakagadzira yekutanga EV mutemo we2020-2025 kuti ikurumidze kutorwa kweEV. Ichi chidzidzo chine chinangwa chekuongorora zvinhu, zvinosanganisira kunetsa kwezvakatipoteredza, kufungidzirwa kureruka kwekushandisa, tarisiro yekuedza, pesvedzero yemagariro, uye zvinofungidzirwa mamiriro ekufambisa, anokanganisa maitiro evanhu ekutenga maEVs kuPakistan. Mafungiro akagadzirwa zvichibva pazvinyorwa, uye ongororo yebvunzo yepamhepo yakaitwa muLahore, Pakistan, kuunganidza data rakakodzera. Iyo yechikamu chidiki-diki yenzira yekuenzanisira yemaitiro equation modelling yakashandiswa kuyedza iyo hypothesis. Mhedzisiro yacho yakasimbisa kuti kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza, kufungidzirwa kureruka kwekushandisa, uye tarisiro yekuedza zvinokanganisa zvinangwa zveveruzhinji zvekushandisa maEV mune ramangwana. Nekudaro, pesvedzero yemagariro uye mamiriro ekufambisa haana zvakanyanya.
Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwepeturu nemotokari dzedhiziri kunokonzeresa kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kurasikirwa kwezviwanikwa. Kushandiswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi kunogona kubatsira munharaunda uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Muchidzidzo chetsvagurudzo iyi, zvinangwa zvikuru ndezvekuona kugona kweMotokari dzeMagetsi (EVs) kuPakistan uchishandisa ongororo yeStated Preferences (SP). Mubvunzo weSP wakagadzirwa uchishandisa theoretical framework yeTheory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Gwaro remibvunzo iri raisanganisira hunhu hwevafambi uye hwekufamba uye zvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvakasiyana-siyana zveTPB zvakadai seAttitudes Towards the Electric Vehicles, Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), uye Behavioral Intentions (BI). Zvinhu zvemaitiro zvakagadzirirwa mumamiriro ekuda kwevafambi kutenga nekushandisa maEV. Confirmatory Factor Analyzes (CFAs) yakaitwa kuti isimbise mafungiro akagadzirirwa ane chokuita nemhando dzakasiyana dzeTPB. Ongororo yakaratidza kuti pane misiyano yemhinduro munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, nzendo dzerwendo, nzira dzekufamba, uye muridzi wemotokari.
Kuwedzera mukusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza idambudziko rakaoma rakatarisana nevanhu nhasi. Kupindira kwakawanda kwakaitwa kuderedza carbon emissions uye mamwe magasi egreenhouse. Kupindira, sekutanga kwemotokari dzemagetsi, uye nzira itsva dzekushandisa simba kubva kune zvinogadziriswa zvakashandiswa. .Pakistani zvakare yakatarisana nekushandisa masimba ayo anogona kudzokororwazve uye manyuko mazhinji akaonekwa.Simba remhepo rinoonekwa seine mukana unovimbisa uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakaonekwa kuti dziisirwe mapurazi emhepo.Mubepa rino,taunganidza data re nzvimbo dzine hunyanzvi hwekuita (kiyi inotaridza kukosha kwesimba remagetsi) ye25% kana pamusoro ye600 kW turbine yemhepo uye yakashandisa Multi-Criteria Sarudzo Nzira yekuwana yakanyanya kufanira kune isinganyanyokodzera saiti yekuisa mhepo purazi zvine ruremekedzo kune dzakasiyana. .
Machati akati wandei anounzwa anopa dhata rekutengesa kunze uye musika wekunze wepneumatic rubber matayi emotokari, chiteshi ngoro uye mota dzemujaho muPakistan muna 2009 iyo inosanganisira imwe pafungidziro yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze uye kunze kwenyika pasi rose, imwe ichipa ruzivo. pazvinotengwa kunze kwenyika kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandira Pakistan, uye imwe ichipfupikisa mwero wekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwematayi erabha yepneumatic anobva mudunhu.
Mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekuwedzera ruzivo pamusoro pekukosha kwekudya kwemiriwo, kushandiswa kwavo kuri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, miriwo ine chepfu uye zvinokosha zvinhu. Trace metals zvakakosha zvinosvibisa zvinowanikwa munyama uye pamusoro pemuriwo. Trace metals deposition mumiriwo ine hukama nekwakawanda kwakadai semhepo yakasvibiswa, kuburitsa motokari, guruva remumugwagwa rakamiswa zvakare, maindasitiri madiki, kukanya zvidhinha uye jenareta redhiziri. Zvimwe zvitubu zvekuteedza simbi mumadhorobha nekumaruwa zvinosanganisira tsvina yemumaindasitiri, tsvina yetsvina uye tsvina yemupurazi inoenda kuvhu nemiriwo ine utachiona . Heavy metals, senge Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) neMercury (Hg) zvinosvibisa zvakatipoteredza, kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pasi pemvura yekudiridza. Kutsvaga simbi kuunganidzwa mumiriwo kunokonzera njodzi yakananga kuhutano hwevanhu.
Machati akati wandei anounzwa anopa dhata rekutengesa kunze uye musika wekunze kune asiri wemagetsi razors muPakistan muna 2009 ayo anosanganisira imwe pafungidziro yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kunze kwenyika pasi rose, imwe ichipa ruzivo nezve kunze kwenyika kubva kune dzakasiyana nyika dzinoshanda. Pakistan, uye imwe ichipfupisa mwero wekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwemareza asiri emagetsi anobva kuPakistan.
Kutorwa kwakapararira kwema compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) kwave kutsigirwa nechikonzero chekuti zvinozokonzera kuchengetedza kwakakosha mumagetsi uye kuderedza kabhoni emissions. Tichishandisa ongororo yemumba yemwenje wemagetsi uye mashandisiro muPakistan, tinoongorora danho rekutora maCFL uye nemhedzisiro yekutorwa kweCFL pakushandiswa kwemagetsi. Kutorwa kweCFL kunonyanya kukanganiswa nezvinosiyana-siyana zvinomiririra mari uye zvinofungidzirwa zvinotarisirwa pamusoro pehupenyu hweCFL. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti mitemo inodzidzisa mhuri nezvehupenyu hweCFL inogona kuratidza kushanda mukuwedzera kutorwa kweCFL. Nekudaro, iyo yekuchengetedza mukushandiswa kwemagetsi kubva kuCFL kutorwa ishoma pane yaitarisirwa. Isu tinoona kuti 27% -41% yekugona kuchengetedza simba inodzikiswa kuburikidza neakawedzera girobhu hukuru uye nguva yakareba yekuvhenekesa. Iyi maitiro ekuita kwekugadzirisa simba rekugadzirisa simba saka inoderedza mamwe mabhenefiti ekusimudzira maCFL senzira yekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza.
Kukatyamadzwa kweChina (kukuru, kazhinji kamwe kamwe, uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zveChinese zvakachipa) kwakanganisa maindasitiri mazhinji anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa munyika dzakawanda dzine mari shoma, kusanganisira idzo dziri muSSA. Chikamu chechitatu chebhuku rino ( Zvitsauko 6 ne7 ) inoongorora nyaya yekuti maindasitiri akadaro mumatunhu ane mari yakaderera anobata sei nekudengenyeka kweChina, zvichibva pane zvidzidzo zvechikwata chemagetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi muPakistan uye chikwata cheganda shangu muEthiopia. Mhosva mbiri idzi mienzaniso inokatyamadza yekuvhunduka kweChina kuri kukundwa zvakabudirira neakawanda magadzirirwo.
Chikamu chemagetsi chePakistan chiri mudambudziko: nguva yakawedzerwa yekudzima kwakaramba muna 2010 uye chikwereti chedenderedzwa chiri kuwedzera. Zvisinei nekudyara mari mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi, kudiwa kwemagetsi kunoramba kuchipfuura kupihwa, nekudzima kwemaawa 8-10 pazuva mumaguta uye dzimwe nguva zvakapetwa kaviri kumaruwa, uye inozivikanwa zvakanyanya sechipingamupinyi chakakomba mukukura nekuderedza hurombo, hurumende. akamanikidzwa kurenda ngarava huru yepasirese ine simba kuti ikwidze kugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Zvichakadaro, kutadza kwehurumende yePakistan (GOP) kupa mari yekuzvipira kwayo kupa rubatsiro, kusashanda kwemasangano anosanganisira kuunganidza kwakaderera, kunonoka mukutemerwa uye zviziviso, uye kuwedzera kwemitengo yemafuta kunze kwenyika kunokonzeresa dambudziko rechikwereti chakakomba. Ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti zvichipihwa mutengo wezvino wekupihwa kwemagetsi, tariff chimiro chichavandudza chiitiko chekubatsirikana kwemagetsi erubatsiro rwevashandisi vekugara uye kuderedza mutoro wemari zvakanyanya mukuenzanisa.
Suzuki inowana chikamu chemusika chingangoita 56% iyo inodarika chikamu chemusika cheHonda kanenge kashanu. Sezvo Suzuki inosimbisa zvakanyanya pakugadzirwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa pamusika vanogadzira mota diki 800cc uye 100cc izvo zvinozadzisa .Honda kushaikwa kwekuwana chikamu chemusika ichi saka ivo vari kumashure mukugadzirwa ne500%. Kushaikwa kweSuzuki kuseri kweHonda mu1300cc kana pamusoro pemota .Asi musiyano hauna kunyanya kuwanda Suzuki inobatana neHonda naBaleno uyezve liana. Asi mamodheru aya haakwikwidze neazvino mamodheru echivanhu neguta.
Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) yakapa mari yezviitwa gumi nerimwe muPakistan inokosha inodarika mamiriyoni matatu emadhora, imwe yacho ichienderera mberi. Zviitiko izvi zvakabatsira mukukurudzira vanobatana pazvipingamupinyi zvakakosha uye mikana yevakazvimirira vekutora chikamu mumasevhisi ezvivakwa, kuvaka kubvumirana pane shanduko yemitemo, kuona mikana yekubatanidza maitiro epasi rose, uye kusimudzira kugona kwehunyanzvi mukati mesimba renyika remagetsi emagetsi, mafuta uye gasi zvidzoreso. chiremera, universal service fund company, uye unit yemadhorobha muPunjab kuita shanduko. PPIAF yakapa tsigiro kuhurumende nekutsigira musangano wekuvaka kuwirirana pagwaro rinoenderana uye chirongwa chePublic-Private Partnership (PPPs) mukuunza masevhisi ezvivakwa. Chinangwa chemusangano uyu chaive chekufambisa nhaurirano pakati pevagadziri vemitemo yehurumende kubva mukomisheni inoona nezvezvirongwa, bazi rezvehupfumi, bazi rezvemari, bazi rehurumende dzematunhu nemapurovhinzi, bazi rekuvaka patsva.
Kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvakave zvakakosha kwete kwete hurumende chete asi vatsvakurudzi, vashandi nevatengi. Kukura kuri muchikamu chezvekutakurwa kunosimudzira mararamiro evatengi asi panguva imwe cheteyo, kwakashatisa nharaunda nekusvibisa mhepo kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira sePakistan. Panyaya iyi, kuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi dzakasanganiswa kunoita kuti vatengi vagadzirise matambudziko avo ekufamba ane hushoma hunoita nharaunda. Nechinangwa ichi, zvinova zvakakosha kuti unzwisise vavariro dzevatengi maererano nekutorwa kwemotokari dzakasanganiswa muPakistan. Tichirangarira izvi, imwe modhi yakatambanudzwa yakagadziridzwa yakavakirwa pahunhu hwaHofstede hwetsika nedzidziso yemaitiro akarongwa. Huwandu hwe558 mhinduro dzakashandiswa pakuongorora data kuburikidza nePLS-SEM. Migumisiro yakaratidza kuti zvinomwe kubva pamasere ekufungidzira zvinogamuchirwa, uye imwe inorambwa. Zvikonzero zvinobvira nezvinorehwa nemigumisiro zvinokurukurwa. Mukupedzisira, zvipimo uye mafambiro emangwana etsvakurudzo anokurukurwa.
Kugamuchirwa kwakakura kweEVs kwaizotungamira mukubvisa nyaya huru, kusanganisira kusvibiswa kwekabhoni, kutsamira peturu, uye kubudirira kwehupfumi. Nekudaro, Pakistan yakatarisana neyakasiyana-siyana uye zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana ichangofunga kuchinja kubva kuICE kuenda kuEVs nemhando dzakasiyana dzesarudzo dzesarudzo dzevagadziri vemotokari, vatengi, uye vanoita zvepasirese. Iri bepa rinopa humbowo hwakadzama hwekuenderera mberi kweEVs maturation uye rinogadzirisa mamwe makuru ekugadzirisa matambudziko nemikana muPakistan. Ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti rubatsiro rwemari yenyika, mitengo yemusika, huwori hwehunyanzvi, uye kukanganisa munharaunda ndizvo zvimwe zvezvipingamupinyi zvakakosha kuti maEV apinde mumusika uripo. Nekudaro, kurudziro zvakataurwa mukutevedzera zvipingamupinyi zvinoenderana kukurudzira kugona uye kuwedzera kweindasitiri yeEVs izvo zvinozobatsira kune ramangwana rakachengeteka. Kune rimwe divi, shanduko yePakistan kuenda kuEVs inopa mamwe mafambiro anonakidza, pane kudikanwa kwekutora danho rinoshanda uye rinoshanda rekutevera zvinhu zvakanaka.
Idzo mota dzakajairwa dzine ICE (Internal Combustion Injini) uye injini inongoshanda pamafuta kana peturu. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemotokari zuva nezuva uye kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta kana peturu mumakore mashoma apfuura kunotimanikidza kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinogona kushandisa zvakanaka mafuta kana peturu. Huwandu hunoratidza kuti kukwira kwemitengo yemafuta edzimotokari kana peturu munyika dziri kusimukira sePakistan kuri kuwedzera zuva nezuva. Semuenzaniso mutengo wepakati pepeturu mugore ra2008 waive 60 Rs apo avhareji mutengo wepeturu mugore ra2012 unoonekwa kuva zana remaRs. Uku kukwira kukuru kwemitengo yemafuta epeturu kuchaita kuti vanhu vafunge nezve kuwedzera kushanda kweyakajairika maICE nekubatanidza mota yemagetsi nayo Zvinoenderana nedhata yakapihwa pane inokwana 100% kuwedzera kwemutengo wepeturu tichifunga nezvemakore mashanu apfuura muPakistan. .
Chinangwa chikuru chechidzidzo ichi ndechekuongorora zvinhu izvo zvinokanganisa chinangwa chekutenga kwevatengi kumotokari dzeJapan dzinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kuongorora maonero anowanzoitika pamusoro pemukana wemotokari dzeJapan dzinotengwa kunze kwenyika pamotokari dzakaunganidzwa munharaunda. Kuvimbika kunoshandiswa mupfungwa yekuvimbika sezvo huri hunhu hwekuvimbika kana kuita zvakanaka nguva dzose. Tsvagiridzo iyi inosimbisa kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvina zvakazvimiririra zvinotorwa zvakanyanya kubva mumabhuku anosanganisira ruzivo rwemhando, mubatanidzwa wemhando, hunhu hunoonekwa, uye kuvimbika kwemhando. Chinangwa chemutengi chekutenga mota yeJapan muPakistan ndiyo inotsamirana. Chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa ongororo yakavakirwa pagwaro remibvunzo uye vakapindura vakaongororwa pa5 points Likert scale kubva pa1-vasingabvumirani zvakasimba kusvika pa5-vanonyatsobvumirana. Yese 165 mibvunzo yemibvunzo yakagoverwa kunze kweiyo 150 yemibvunzo yakashandiswa. Kuwedzera mune iyi tsvakiridzo yakareruka yakavakirwa sampling (isingagone) nzira yakashandiswa.
Chidzidzo cheChirwere chinofungidzira kuti kukuvara kwemigwagwa (RTIs) ichave yechitatu inotungamira chikonzero chekurasikirwa nekuremara-yakagadziridzwa makore ehupenyu, uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zverufu runoitika munyika dzisina kusimukira. Zvakare, masisitimu ekufambisa anoenderana nemotokari ane chekuita nekusvibiswa kwemhepo (lead toxicity, asthma uye greenhouse gasi kuunganidza), kukanganisa ruzha, kusaita muviri uye kufutisa. Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora mabhuku ekufambisa mumigwagwa muPakistan uye zvinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yehutano; yakaongorora mitemo yehutano kuti vaone kutarisa kwavo kumatambudziko ehutano ane chekuita nekutakura; uye kuona mikaha yemitemo yetsvakiridzo yeramangwana. Ongororo yemaitiro ezvinyorwa pane yakananga uye isina kunanga mhedzisiro yekufambisa kwemigwagwa muPakistan. Ongororo iyi inosanganisira magwaro ehurumende, memos, zvirevo uye dhizaini marongero pamwe neakakodzera zvinyorwa zvakaiswa muMEDLINE. Ongororo yakarongeka yakaratidza kuti hapana gwara rekufambisa rakabvumidzwa muPakistan, kunyangwe magwaro matatu emitemo yenyika.
Iri bepa rinoongorora hunhu hwakasiyana hwehutongi maererano neNEPRA (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority), chiremera chekutonga chakaumbwa muna 1997 kuchengetedza zvido zvevatengi mukupihwa kwemagetsi, uye kuve nechokwadi chenzvimbo inoshanda uye inokwikwidza kune majenareta emagetsi nevaparadzi. Chinangwa ndechekutsvaga zvikonzero zviri kuita kusashanda zvakanaka kwechikamu chemagetsi muPakistan. Hutongi husina kusimba muNEEPRA hwakatekeshera nenzira yekushaikwa kwekuzvimirira, zvichikonzera kusakwanisa kwemasangano kuita mabasa anodiwa nemazvo. Pamusoro pezvo, NEPRA iri kushaya hunyanzvi hwekutarisa nekudzora chikamu chemagetsi, uye kumisa hutongi hwemitengo hune musoro uye hwakaenzana.
Kubva pamakore gumi apfuura, Pakistan yakatarisana nematambudziko makuru ekushomeka kwesimba. Gore roga-roga hurumende yePakistan iri kushandisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni gumi nemazana mana nemazana mashanu emadhora ekuAmerica kutenga kunze kwenyika mafuta asina kuchena kuitira kuti azadzise gaka remagetsi. Kudiwa kwesimba kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza asi kuongorora uye kushandiswa kwesimba rinowanikwazve hakusi kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nezvinodiwa. Kusavapo kwesimba muPakistan kunotora 14.5-14hper zuva. Mubepa rino, kugona kwebiogas kunoongororwa kuti risangane nezvinodiwa zvesimba rePakistan. Imwe cubic mita yebiogas inogona kugadzira simba remagetsi re20KWh. Kukura kwepagore kwechikamu chezvipfuyo 2.5% muPakistan uye ndove yayo inogona kuburitsa 4millionKWh yemagetsi emagetsi pazuva. Tinogona kukunda dambudziko remagetsi kuburikidza nekushandisa zvakanaka biogas seimwe nzira yemagetsi. Mutengo wekuisa biogas chirimwa hausi wehupfumi chete asiwo unobatsira mukudzikisa hutachiona hwekufema uye hwemaziso. PCRET yakaisa 35.625 biogas zvirimwa munyika yose izvo zvinochengetedza avhareji yeRs. 4109 miriyoni pamwedzi maererano nemafuta eparafini, huni, liquefied petroleum gas uye bio fetireza.
Pakistan ichifunga nezvekuoma kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, kukura, uye kutevedzera zvibvumirano zvemarudzi akawanda. Kufunga kweSystem kwakashandiswa kuti tinzwisise kuomarara kwesimba remamiriro ePakistan nekuimiririra necausal loop diagram (CLD) inoratidza kubatana uye mhinduro dzehurongwa. Ongororo yakavakirwa pane masisitimu archetypes yekuongorora maitiro ehurongwa, kureva, kuwira muhushasha hwekutenderera kwemarasha. A stock-and-flow model yakashandiswa kubata simba rekugadzira simba muhuwandu, zvichiratidza kuti 5% GDP yekukura kwehuwandu inogona kuchengetedzwa zvichienderana nehurongwa huripo hwekuwedzera simba remagetsi muPakistan. Nekudaro, kuti uwane 7% GDP yekukura mwero, sezvakanangwa muVision 2025 yePakistan, zvinangwa zvekugadzira simba zvinofanirwa kudzokororwa mukuona kwekunzwa kwekuwedzera kwesimba rinodiwa rine chekuita nekukura kweGDP, ukuwo kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzera. multilateral zvibvumirano.
Iri basa rinopa dambudziko rekuperevedza mukupihwa kwesimba remagetsi iro rakatarisana nePakistan parizvino. Chikonzero chekushomeka uku mukupiwa kwesimba kunotaurwa mubasa iri. Nhoroondo yakapfupikiswa pamwe chete nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye kushandiswa kwayo munyika inokurukurwa. Iko kugona kugadzira magetsi kwePakistan muzvikamu zvakasiyana kugadzira simba kunoonekwa. Kukosha kwekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemarasha uye zviwanikwa zvemvura zvekugadzira simba remagetsi zvinokurukurwa. Pakistan yakakomborerwa nehupfumi uye hukuru hunovandudzwa simba (RE) zviwanikwa. Izvi zviwanikwa zvesimba rinogonekazve zvinogona kuita basa rinoshanda uye rakakura mukubatsira mukuchengetedzeka kwesimba uye rusununguko rwesimba renyika. Kumwe kufanotaura kunoitwa pahwaro hweempirical data uye yekutanga kuona. Inofungidzirwa kufanotaura kwekudiwa uye kupihwa kwemagetsi kwemakore makumi maviri anotevera inofungidzirwawo muchinyorwa chino.
Tsvagiridzo iyi ine chinangwa chekunzwisisa zvirinani & kupatsanura kupa & kudiwa muindasitiri yemotokari yePakistan. Chinangwa chikuru chechidzidzo ichi ndechekuongorora macasing-mabasa anotipa simba rekunzwisisa zviri nani chikamu chikuru cheindasitiri yemotokari (yemotokari) yePakistan nekushandisa kufarira & mari yemitengo yezvinhu zvemotokari muchikamu chebhizinesi. Tsvagiridzo iyi ine chinangwa chekuona migove yemusika yemotokari (mota) mhando muPakistani mota indasitiri. Kuwana kunosimbisa kuti muPakistan muindasitiri yemotokari kana yemotokari (yemotokari), mhando yeSuzuki iri kunakidzwa nemugove wemusika wepamusoro pakati pemhando dzakasarudzwa / dzakatsanangurwa uye inotungamira indasitiri ne29% yemasheya emusika. Toyota iri kunakidzwa nezvikamu makumi maviri nenhanhatu kubva muzana zvemusika ukuwo Honda mhando iri yechitatu yakahwina mhando muindasitiri yemotokari muPakistan ine zvikamu makumi maviri neshanu muzana zvemusika. Kupfuurirazve, Nissan, Kia neDaihatsu vane 26%, 25% uye 10% misika migove zvichiteerana kwemakore 6 kusvika 4. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira sePakistan vanhu vane mihoro yakaderera, nekudaro sarudzo yekutenga mota inoda kushingaira kwakawanda.
Padanho re theoretical, zvinyorwa zviripo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemari yemitengo inoongororwa. Sezvo zvisingagoneke nguva dzose kuisa mitengo yakadzikama yemitengo, magariro emitengo yechipiri yakanakisa yakapihwa neRamsey yemhando yemitengo inoongororwa. Iyo Ramsey yemitengo modhi inowedzerwa kuti ibatanidze mararamiro ehupenyu uye mabheti ekudzima kwemagetsi. Welfare mhedzisiro yemutengo vs. nonprice rationing inofananidzwa. Padivi reempirical, chikamu-chakachenjera magetsi chinodiwa mabasa anofungidzirwa kune vanogara, maindasitiri, vekutengesa, uye vekurima vatengi muPakistan. Nhamba dzeRamsey dzinotorwa kune yega yega chikamu nekushandisa iyo elasticity fungidziro kubva kune aya mabasa anodiwa akasanganiswa nemitengo uye fungidziro yemitengo yechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Zvinotemerwa kuti iyo yazvino pricing policy haiteveri misimboti yemitengo yeRamsey. Kurasikirwa kwerubatsiro kunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwemitengo kubva kumitengo yakaderera kunofungidzirwa. Dambudziko rekudzima kwemagetsi muPakistan rinoongororwa uye mari yehutano hwayo inotarwa.
Kwese pasirese musika wemagetsi uri kusangana nekugadziridzwa uye kutora yakadzikiswa indasitiri chimiro chemusika unoshanda uye unokwikwidza. MuPakistan kugadziridzwazve kwechikamu chemagetsi kwakatanga muna 1998 nekuumbwa kwePakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO). Mugore rimwe chete chiremera chekutonga, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) yakaiswa panzvimbo. Muna 2002 kusabatanidzwa kwechikamu chemagetsi kwakaitika uye NEEPRA yakapa marezinesi kumakambani 9 ekugovera (DISCOS) uye imwe kuNational Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) yekutapurirana. Nekudaro, kusvika parizvino hapana hukama hwechibvumirano pakati peDISCO neNTDC huripo. Iri bepa rinotarisa kukudziridzwa kwemuenzaniso wekutengesa magetsi mune yemakwikwi emusika modhi nekutarisa matambudziko ese akatarisana nevanotengesera magetsi muPakistan. Mamwe mazano akakurudzirwa sekugadzirwa kweSimba rekuchinjana uye Yakazvimirira System Operator (ISO) muPakistan musika wemagetsi kumisa zvizere musika wemagetsi uripo wePakistan.
Kuvepo kwesimba remagetsi kwave kune simba guru rekubatsira budiriro yehupfumi, maindasitiri nemagariro echero nyika. Magetsi emagetsi anofambiswa nenzira dzematambo ekutakurisa ayo anoburitsa huwandu hwemagetsi kubva pazviteshi zvekugadzira kuenda kunzvimbo dzekutakura uye vatengi. Kudzidza marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekurasikirwa asingaverengeki panguva yekufambisa magetsi .The kurasikirwa kungave Technical kurasikirwa kana Non-technical Losses. Iko kurasikirwa kwehunyanzvi kunosanganisira kurasikirwa kweCorona, Joule mhedzisiro, Magnetic Kurasikirwa uye ganda maitiro. Kunyange zvazvo Kurasikirwa kweNon-technical (kutengeserana) kunosanganisira, kuba kwemagetsi, kuparadza kune zviteshi zvemagetsi, kuverenga kwemamita kusina kunaka, kuverenga kusina kunaka uye kuchengetedza zvinyorwa, nezvimwewo. kurasikirwa pamwe chete nemitsetse kunofanira kuderedzwa kusvika pashoma shoma.
Indasitiri chikamu chakakosha zvikuru mukukura kwehupfumi hwenyika dzese. Dambudziko remagetsi muPakistan rave chigumbuso chikuru mukusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika. Kune akawanda maindasitiri maitiro anoda kupihwa isina kukanganiswa; kunyange kudzima kuduku kunogona kuita mamiriyoni emadhora. Chikonzero chikuru che "load shedding" muPakistan ndechekuti inoburitsa chikamu chikuru chesimba rayo kubva kumafuta emafuta, ayo mutengo uye kudiwa kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Vazhinji vevatengi padanho remaindasitiri nerekutengesa vanoshandisa Diesel Generator (DiG) seimwe yakavimbika imwe sosi yemagetsi emagetsi kana gidhi risipo. Kushandiswa kweDiG panguva yekurodha maawa ekudurura kwaizowedzera Mutengo weMagetsi (COE) pakWh uye zvakare kuwedzera kuburitsa kwezvakatipoteredza. Pakistan ine huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwemagetsi emagetsi anogona kudzokororwa sebioenergy, mhepo, solar, hydel, geothermal etc. Kusimbisa kwakasiyana kwekushandiswa kweindustria microgrid muFaisalabad, Pakistan yakatsanangurwa mubepa rino.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) zvinomera zvinogadzira simba remagetsi nekushandura simba rekupisa kwezuva kuita kupisa kwepamusoro-soro uchishandisa magirazi masisitimu ayo anozofambiswa nejenareta. Miti yacho ine zvikamu zviviri: imwe inounganidza simba rezuva uye inoshandura kuti inopisa, uye imwe inoshandura simba rekupisa kumagetsi. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa zvinonzi solar thermal electric power plant. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Pakistan yakatarisana nematambudziko emagetsi zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemaonero uye kudyara pamatekinoroji matsva ari kusimukira akanyatso ratidzwa. Pakistan ine yakasikwa tsime simba rekupisa uye izvi zvinogona kushandiswa nekugadzira CSP zvidyarwa zvakaita separabolic madhiri, shongwe dzemagetsi, uye ndiro/injini. Aya matekinoroji anogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi ekushandisa kwakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumagetsi ari kure masisitimu madiki semakilowatts mashoma kusvika kune grid-yakabatana application ye200-350 megawatts.
Pakistan iri kutambura nedambudziko rakakura remagetsi renhoroondo rinokonzera kudzimwa kwemagetsi kwemaawa akawanda. Kudiwa kwesimba rezuva nezuva kwakatenderedza 20000 megawatt (MW) nepo Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) ichingokwanisa kuchengetedza 12000 MW inotungamira kushomeka kwemagetsi kwe6000 MW. UNDP yakashuma kuti vanhu vanoda kusvika mabhiriyoni 1.3 vari kurarama vasina magetsi uye chikamu chetatu chavo vanobva kunyika gumi dzine urombo uye zvinosuruvarisa kuti Pakistan inoiswa panzvimbo yechina. Kudzimwa kwemagetsi ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru chekuderedza urombo munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Chinangwa chikuru chechidzidzo ichi ndechekuongorora mabviro makuru ekushandiswa kwemagetsi padanho remhuri uye kuongorora zvinodiwa uye kuda kubhadhara (WTP) kuderedza kudzimwa kwemagetsi. Takaita ongororo yemhuri muguta reFaisalabad, inova imba yeManchester yePakistan, kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuenzanisa sampling. Kubvunzurudzwa kwechiso nechiso kwemhuri zana nemakumi mashanu kwakaitwa.
TERM nhare dzepasirese dzinosanganisira-inodarika matrix yakaoma yenyika nenyaya. Zvinogoneka kuona nhare dzepasirese sechingori chenyika sys-tems, imwe neimwe ichiratidza nhoroondo yenharaunda yayo uye hupfumi, uye imwe neimwe ichizvimirira nerufaro kunze kwekubatira pamwe pazvinhu zvehunyanzvi. Zvinogoneka zvakaenzana kuona budiriro yenyika semisiyano padingindira rimwechete repasi rose, rinosundwa zvisingadzivisiki neruzivo rwechizvino-zvino rwunove magumo, sekusangana kwenharembozha nemakombuta. Kana kuti Mumwe anogona kukakavara, sezvinoitwa nechinyorwa ichi, kuti budiriro yakafanana iri kushandura masangano ese ezvekufambiswa kwemashoko pasi rose nhasi: mubatanidzwa wekutsvaga rendi uyo wakapa hukama hwezvido zvehupfumi zvakagovaniswa kumiganhu uri kuparara zvishoma nezvishoma. Muchiedza ichi, kusagadzikana kwekufambiswa kwemashoko kunofanirwa kunzwisiswa sechinhu chisiri chekugara-chimwe chezvikamu zvinodzorwa zvakanyanya chave kuita sehupfumi hwese, kwete kudzoreredzwa asi zvakanyanya "zvakajairika."
Chinonyanya kunetsa chine chekuita nekuvandudza tekinoroji yemotokari isingatyairi ndeyekuchengetedza kwayo uye kuvimbika. Kusamira zvakanaka kwetekinoroji kunogona kutungamira kune zvakakomba zvakanyanya maererano nekurasikirwa nehupenyu hwevanhu. Zvakare, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunounza kuomarara kwemagariro apo basa remunhu, riri chinhu chakakosha chehurongwa, rinove rakakosha zvakanyanya. Mabhenefiti etekinoroji yepamberi mumotokari dzisingatyairi haagone kuonekwa nemazvo kana matambudziko ane chekuita nekuchengetedza asina kutariswa nenzira kwayo mukugadzira. Imwe nzira inogoneka yekumberi ndeyekuwana mhinduro kubva kune vashandisi vetekinoroji uye nekubatanidza dhizaini zvinodiwa zvinoenderana. Kuti tiwane ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza zvingangosangana nevatyairi, iyi ongororo yakaitwa neveruzhinji yakaitwa muChina nePakistan iyo yakanangana nekutora danho rekuvimba neveruzhinji, maonero uye zvinotarisirwa pahurongwa hwemotokari dzisingatyairi, zvimwe. kunyanya panyaya dzinechekuita nekuchengetedza.
Chinonyanya kunetsa chine chekuita nekuvandudza tekinoroji yemotokari isingatyairi ndeyekuchengetedza kwayo uye kuvimbika. Kusamira zvakanaka kwetekinoroji kunogona kutungamira kune zvakakomba zvakanyanya maererano nekurasikirwa nehupenyu hwevanhu. Zvakare, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunounza kuomarara kwemagariro apo basa remunhu, riri chinhu chakakosha chehurongwa, rinove rakakosha zvakanyanya. Mabhenefiti etekinoroji yepamberi mumotokari dzisingatyairi haagone kuonekwa nemazvo kana matambudziko ane chekuita nekuchengetedza asina kutariswa nenzira kwayo mukugadzira. Imwe nzira inogoneka yekumberi ndeyekuwana mhinduro kubva kune vashandisi vetekinoroji uye nekubatanidza dhizaini zvinodiwa zvinoenderana. Kuti tiwane ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza zvingangosangana nevatyairi, iyi ongororo yakaitwa neveruzhinji yakaitwa muChina nePakistan iyo yakanangana nekutora danho rekuvimba neveruzhinji, maonero uye zvinotarisirwa pahurongwa hwemotokari dzisingatyairi, zvimwe. kunyanya panyaya dzinechekuita nekuchengetedza.
